Brain imaging study identifies two biologically distinct autism profiles

A new brain imaging study has identified two biologically distinct profiles of autism, potentially informing future approaches to personalized support. Published in Nature Neuroscience in May 2026, the research analyzed functional connectivity patterns in 157 autistic adults and genetically engineered mouse models, revealing one profile characterized by synaptic under-connectivity and another by immune-related over-connectivity.

Two distinct patterns

The team found that one group showed hypoconnectivity—reduced communication—between neurons in brain regions involved in sensory processing and social cognition. The other group exhibited hyperconnectivity linked to immune system activity, particularly in frontal-striatal circuits governing flexible behavior. These patterns were consistent across human fMRI scans and mouse models, though researchers caution that cross-species translation requires further validation, as noted in The Transmitter.

The study is among the first to systematically categorize autism's biological heterogeneity using neuroimaging.

As Neuroscience News reported, the synaptic profile aligns with prior findings of altered neuronal wiring in autism, while the immune profile points to neuroinflammation mechanisms some researchers have hypothesized. The study is among the first to systematically categorize autism's biological heterogeneity using neuroimaging.

Why it matters

If replicated, these profiles could eventually inform support options that align with an individual's neurobiology. For example, as noted in a perspective by UNC's CAMRI team, immune-modulating approaches might be explored for the hyperconnected group—though researchers emphasize these are preliminary hypotheses requiring extensive clinical validation. Any future applications would prioritize autistic individuals' autonomy and choice, as underscored by neurodiversity advocates cited in The Washington Post.

The findings also underscore that autism isn't a monolithic condition. As PsyPost summarized, the study adds to evidence that autism encompasses diverse biological profiles—a reality that could reshape both research and support practices while respecting neurodiversity.